How Organizations Must Implement Change At The Next Level...

The world today necessitates that organizations should implement change to keep up with the fast-changing and complex business environment. It is through embracing change management that organizations can be able to enhance their competitive edge in the market. Change management is critical in organizations since they undergo the much-needed transformation to be relevant in the market. Incisive leadership is always needed to help organizations go through this change. The influence of leaders as far as organization change is needed is insurmountable. They play a fundamental role in propelling the business to the next level of success. Despite the fact that some company cultures fail to tolerate change, it is the role of leaders to ensure†¦show more content†¦Microsoft dominated the market at the time, rendering Apple without a substantial market for its products. Failure to Innovate Understanding every employee s capabilities in the organization is a necessary consideration when implementing change as asserted by Rieley (2016). During the first reign of Steve Jobs at the company, innovation was the fundamental focus of the business, but things changed when he left. The team at Apple failed to change with time and focus on technological growth that the market demanded. The then leader of Apple John Sculley never paid attention to innovation as his main focus was to market the already made products and make profits. For instance, the company invested heavily in the production of Power Book 5300 PC which was highly anticipated in the market. However, most of these devices were not made up to the required standards as some of them were never operational. Other gadgets had unpreceded issues with lithium-ion batteries that occasionally exploded into flames. Other products such as the Macintosh TV which were made with the aim of replacing PCs were o perating slowly, not to mention the high prices that were placed on them. Such miscalculations led the company to incur huge losses, while the competitors were steadfast in developing new and more reliable gadgets. Poor Leadership The deployment of a John Sculley as the CEO to run the ever-burgeoning company was seen as a new dawn since he was known to haveShow MoreRelatedA Business Matures And Evolves, It Will Experience Change1359 Words   |  6 Pageswill experience change. Implementing change can be challenging therefore responsibility lies with the management team to develop a plan to efficiently introduce and implement change, which can ease the stress induced when change is introduced. The steps a manager must take to effectively implement change are clear. In order to effectively implement a change, an organization must asses the change that needs to occur, come up with a plan to implement the change, implement the change, and then evaluateRead MoreImplementation Of A New Strategic Management824 Words   |  4 Pagesorganization’s performance. â€Å"These could be well-known problem areas in an organization that could be clearly defined or activities/processes where improvem ents result in maximum benefits† (Sekhar, 2010). In order for a new strategic management strategy to be implemented, the idea must be first presented to management, and then management must understand the benefits and value of benchmarking, and then get the organization to percieve this value as well. When trying to convince upper managementRead MoreChallenges And Challenges Of An Organization1103 Words   |  5 PagesAccording to Borkowski (2016) three drivers of change include external forces such as political-legal forces, economic forces and technological forces (Borkowski, 2016). Such forces cause organizations to adopt new strategies to address these forces. Political-legal forces, such as terrorism and an epidemic of diseases, impact organizations worldwide. Inflation, deflation, and recession are examples of economic forces that affect the value of the dollar and how Americans spend their dollars. TechnologicalRead MoreKotter s 8 Step Model Essay1578 Words   |  7 Pagesseveral models that an organization can use as a guide for transformational change. John Kotter’s 8-Step Model is one that addresses the nuances of change in more detail than Lewin’s three-step model. His eight-steps are (Parmenter, 2015): †¢ Establish a sense of urgency. †¢ Create a coalition to guide the change. †¢ Develop a vision and strategy. †¢ Communicate the vision. †¢ Empowering broad-based action. †¢ Generate short-term wins. †¢ Consolidate gains and produce more change. †¢ Anchor new approachesRead MoreThe Performance Map Is A Valuable Tool Used For Diagnosing Performance Issues1493 Words   |  6 Pagesfoundation of the organization. The structure asks the question what are the foundations of the organization. What are the strategies, mission, goals, function, organization design, and so forth of the organization? The next quadrant is the motivation, which focuses on the â€Å"why† do employees want to or not want to perfrom their job? Motivation addresses the emotions, and psychological needs that incite action. Why do we act or do what we do, in response to certain situations. The next quadrant is theRead MoreRoles And Responsibilities Of Middle Management1244 Words   |  5 Pagesmanagers work on many different levels. It is not uncommon for multiple managers to exist in any given department, especially within a larger business or organization. For example, in today’s typical organization, there is usually a CEO, department manager, assistant manager, supervisor, and sometimes other employees who are responsible for leadership roles. Having this organizational setup with different levels or tiers of management can be very beneficial to an organization, but in some instances, itRead MoreHow Organizational Change Triggers Emotions And How Leaders Use Emotional Intelligence925 Words   |  4 Pages How Organizational Change Triggers Emotions and How Leaders Use Emotional Intelligence In today’s business world organizations are constantly forced to implement changes in an effort to grow and survive. These changing environments present new challenges and demands for everyone, from the Presidents and CEO’s to managers, to entry-level employees. With that organizational change triggers emotions within individuals that can have a negative or positive effect. With good leaders and management organizationsRead MoreThe Technology Implementation Plan1007 Words   |  5 Pagesproducts into an organization that contain elements you do no have experience with, like new technology, considered the human factors in the implementation process to reduce issues that may arise. When implementing new technology within a company, make sure that end users contribute into the design process and that the end user will benefit from the change. Managers should communicate constantly and effectively, involve employees, and leadership to endorse the technology and the change process. ImplementationRead MoreChange1738 Words   |  7 PagesCoping with Change Understanding and Coping with Change Change can be difficult for any individual or organization and it can be seen as a threat. An individual that can plan and implement change is better prepared to effectively meet their future stated goals and can move forward in a positive movement when embracing the need for change. â€Å"Is change, changing?†(Rowland Higgs, 2008). A company can then diagnose, plan, and implement changes to see improvements. To understand change and learningRead MoreCase Study : Organization s Organizational Change1261 Words   |  6 PagesOrganizational Change Definition of Project: The purpose of this project is to develop and implement the next phase of the Seagram?s organizational change as it relates to it?s culture. The development of this plan was conducted through the analysis of the historical drivers that brought the organization to its current state, the change initiatives that have been instituted to date and their effects on the organization, the barriers to cultural change, and additional considerations to change that have

How to Make Glow-in-the-Dark Alum Crystals

Alum crystals are among the quickest, easiest, and most reliable crystals you can grow. Did you know you can make them glow in the dark by adding a common household ingredient to the crystal growing solution? Glow in the Dark Alum Crystal Materials Fluorescent highlighter pen (I used yellow, but you can use another color for different colored glowing crystals. Check to make certain the highlighter will glow under an ultraviolet or black light. Pretty much all yellow highlighters glow, as do most other colors. Many blue pens will not glow.)Alum (sold as a pickling spice)Water Grow Glowing Alum Crystals Carefully cut open the highlighter and remove the strip that contains the ink. You may want to wear gloves since highlighter can stain your fingers.Pour 1/2 cup of hot tap water into a clean container.Squeeze the highlighter strip into the water to color it with the fluorescent ink. Discard the ink strip when you are finished.Slowly stir in alum, a little at a time, until it stops dissolving.Loosely cover the jar with a coffee filter or paper towel (to keep dust out) and allow the jar to sit undisturbed overnight.The next day, you should see small alum crystals at the bottom of the container. If you dont see crystals, allow more time. You can let these crystals grow, though they will compete with each other for material. Alternatively, you can use one of these crystals to grow a large single crystal. Growing a Large Single Crystal If crystals are present, pour the alum solution into a clean jar. Collect the small crystals, which are called seed crystals.Tie nylon line around the largest, best-shaped crystal. Tie the other end to a flat object (e.g., popsicle stick, ruler, pencil, butter knife). You will hang the seed crystal by this flat object into the jar far enough so that it will be covered in liquid, but wont touch the bottom or sides of the jar. It may take a few tries to get the length just right.)When you have the right string length, hang the seed crystal in the jar with the alum solution. Cover it with the coffee filter and grow a crystal.Grow your crystal until you are satisfied with it. If you see crystals starting to grow on the sides or bottom of your jar, carefully remove your crystal, pour the liquid into the clean jar, and put the crystal in the new jar. Making the Crystal Glow When you are satisfied with your crystal, remove it from the crystal growing solution and allow it to dry. Just shine a black light (ultraviolet light) on the crystal to make it glow. Depending on the ink you used, the crystal may glow under fluorescent light or sunlight. You can display your crystal or store it. You can wipe dust from a display crystal using a cloth, but avoid dampening it with water or else you will dissolve part of your crystal. Crystals kept in storage may be wrapped in paper for added protection from dust and changed in temperature and humidity. True Glow in the Dark Crystals If you want the crystals to really glow in the dark (no black light), then you stir phosphorescent pigment into a solution of alum and water. Usually, the glow will remain on the exterior of the crystal rather than get incorporated into the crystal matrix. Alum crystals are clear, so another way to make the crystals glow is to mix phosphorescent pigment with clear nail polish and simply paint regular alum crystals. This also protects the crystals from damage by water or humidity, preserving them.

Proposal for Gender Affirmative Action in Europe Free Essays

When applying for a Job but also to the university, Judging does not have to be only based on your skills, work experience, studies, grades but it can be largely affected also by your gender or race. The proper term for such an action is, â€Å"affirmative action† or â€Å"positive discrimination†. According to the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, affirmative action can be defined as, â€Å"positive steps taken to increase the representation of women and minorities in areas of employment, education and business from which they have been historically excluded. We will write a custom essay sample on Proposal for Gender Affirmative Action in Europe or any similar topic only for you Order Now Recently, there has been a great deal of discussion related to the proposal of European Commissioner for Justice, Fundamental Rights and Citizenship Mrs. Viviane Reding. The proposal was on improving the gender balance among non-executive directors of companies listed on stock exchanges. Furthermore, proposal should ensure that by 2020, at least 40% of women should be represented on supervisory boards and boards of companies with more than 250 employees. According the collected statistics by European Commission, â€Å"women only make up to 15% of non-executive boards and 8,9% of executive boards. First country in EIJ that came with this idea and implemented it was Norway in 2003. However, is such a proposal ethical? On one side, according to Viviane Reding, a glass ceiling still remains and blocks female talent from top positions. On the other side, positive discrimination, (artificially created) of any kind will always lead into reverse discrimination. Also, it violates one of the basic business concepts, speaking that this proposal restricts ownership of shareholders of the companies who have invested their capital. They are not allowed to fully choose their representatives (non- xecutives, executives, management) by their most rational choice. If the shareholders have to take into account other criteria beside the ability of the best representation of the executives and directors, in this case, they have to decide upon gender. Then, the representation may be at the expense of effectiveness and managing the company which in turn goes to an expense of profits. Another points of view may be taken from the philosophical side. Utilitarian theory can be stated that an action should be based on the outcomes. Firstly, some may say women enhance diversity in the companies. Secondly, having diverse environment may be a key factor for advancements or successful achievements of a company. Lastly, the ultimate end result which could be in a form of disappearance of gender glass ceiling. Looking at the affirmative action through these points, mention outcomes have clearly positive sides. The utilitarian theory can be similarly stated in terms that it tries to maximize happiness and reduce suffering. In such a statement, some cons may appear as well. When applying for the position that is affected by the quotas, more men may be pplied than women and even if the skills of both genders would be comparable, in order to fulfill the quotas more/or even only women would be accepted than men. In such a case, majority is harmed and thus it does not maximize the happiness. Not having freedom of choice based on the skills harms majority again, this time the majority is represented by the shareholders and stakeholders and again, it is based on the theory, that the representation of the company will not be chosen in the best possible way, but in order to fulfill the restrictions.. Though, these points of view are nly hypothetical. Another well known philosophical theory which may be applied to this topic is Kantian theory. In principle, it states that in order to determine whether or not an action is good or ethical, we should imagine it as a universal law and determine whether or not that would be detrimental or good. Theoretically, such an affirmative action becoming a universal law would not lead into happiness of majority in society. Creating the quotas/regulations is not solving the problem, it is critical to rather change the approach to women at the workplace. For instance, by using different tools to support the efforts to balance professional life and personal life which allow women to use their education and skills without a need to resign as mother and come to the decision between family and career. In conclusion, European Commissioner Viviane Reding with her proposal met certain supporters particularly in European Commission, but many opponents have argued as well, thus the proposal was postponed for now. I stand up in the opponents side against this proposal as almost any kind of affirmative action leads into reverse discrimination. How to cite Proposal for Gender Affirmative Action in Europe, Papers

Principles of Research Values - Skills and Attitudes

Question: Discuss about thPrinciples of Researchfor Values, Skills and Attitudes. Answer: Introduction Part A: Adult education is a type of practice where the adults are made engaged within sustained and systematic activities of self-education with the aim to earn more knowledge, values, skills and attitudes (Flicker and Worthington 2012).. It has been found that the adults want to learn and have willingness to take responsibility about learning as this respond to their wants (Schunk, Meece and Pintrich 2012). In addition to this, the reason behind selecting a particular methodology and philosophy approach for the research is to discover the types of research that is predominant in the field The philosophical approach in this study makes use of positivism research philosophy. It is because the paper sticks to the factual knowledge from the journals and books written by the significant authors and agreement and disagreement to old age education. Positivism research philosophy determines the positive knowledge based on the natural phenomena and their properties and relations. The two renowned thinkers in this area are John Dewey (1859) and Stanley Hall (1846). The philosophical approach looks into the adult education by looking at the information that is understood from the explanations of the author. Therefore, the knowledge gained from the sensory experience that are translated through reasons and logics and becomes the highlighted base of all the authoritative knowledge about adult education. This process is helpful in undertaking an independent study. Therefore, positivism realism philosophical approach is undertaken. Thereby they try to launch the educational practices and understand the relationship between them and the support every associated argument to every issues. The methodological approach used in the adult education study, for instance study by Hala 2017 and Leroi 2016 is correlated to the Canons experimental inquiry that was constructed by J.S Mills Cannon 1967, which tries to evaluate the effect of adult education in the psychology of human beings. In this system of Ratiocinative and Inductive study provides a certain set of strategies for undertaking experimental generalization. For comparative analysis, two methods of relevance are considered for the adult education program. (1) The process of agreement (2) The inverse of agreement is the easiest and the straightforward under the descriptive methods of study. The process argues that if two or more cases of phenomena understudy have only one of the various probable casual situations in common, then the situations during which all the instances concur is the reason of the phenomenon. This method can be related to the adult education can be evaluated with another constant when all the case s that are being analyzed agree to only this cause. The indirect process of difference tries to approximate a model as a close as possible (Kruk 2013). This process consists of a double application of the process of agreement and has a stage in which rival explanations are refused through paired comparison. The methodological approach appears to be complex. In a simple way, an educator may like to evaluate some process and the reasons that are required for the development of adult education (Lang et al. 2012). At the end of the examination, the process and the reasons for improvement are in relation with the process and the reasons for accurate funding of adult education, then the disputes that proper funding of adult education programs for the enhancement of adult education curriculum becomes valid. The paper takes into consideration only one type of data collection method known as the quantitative data collection method (Bechhofer and Paterson 2012). The quantitative data are those data that cannot be evaluated in numbers. From the detailed study, it can be said that in case of the peer reviewed journal articles, where the researchers have applied the philosophy ontology, whether it might be objectivism or constructivism, the researchers have mainly used the qualitative and secondary method of data collection (Carter and Lubinsky 2015). The author has provided the best argument regarding the use of qualitative and secondary method of data collection. Nevertheless, it has been identified that in one of the peer reviewed journal articles the researcher Man (2002) has applied the Concept of Objectivism of Ontology along with the research methodology six sigma model. The reason behind this is that the intention of the particular researcher is to adopt the particular method of six sigma model for enabling the adult learners to get occupied in the lifetime learning activity in their workplaces and also in their personal lives (Crano, Brewer and Lac 2014). Moreover, it has been found that all the researchers who have implemented epistemology kind of philosophy for their research work regarding the adult education, have implemented positivism. For instance, European Society for Research on Education of Adults made use of the epistemology concept of ontology to determine the philosophical and the methodological background of the research on adult education. It is because of the ease of finding the result of the desired research problem. On the other hand, in all other three identified peer reviewed journal articles, the researchers have gathered data for quantitative analysis from primary sources through the arrangement of interviews and online and offline questionnaire surveys (Bhattacherjee 2012). In most of the peer reviewed journal articles, where the researchers have implemented ontology philosophy, they have incorporated secondary method for analyzing the gathered information except in the journal written by Furterer (2016 ) where the researcher has used six sigma methods. Therefore, it can be said that in most of the researches regarding Adult Education, the researchers have used epistemology philosophy and primary and quantitative data analysis method (Lang et al. 2012). The reasons behind this might include the importance of the quantitative research and the epistemology philosophy. It has been found that the quantitative research is more reliable and more objective and can be used along statistics in order to simplify a finding of the research (Smith 2015). In addition to this the quantitative research also helps in reducing and restructuring any complex issue to a restricted number of variables. Thus, most of the researchers have used epistemology philosophy and the quantitative data analysis method in order to do the research work on the topic Adult Education (Punch 2013). In the mentioned journal articles, Hala (2016) and Leroi (2017) argued that researchers have implemented positivism of the epistemology philosophy as statistical data analysis of the collected data from the primary resources has been done (Nuttin 2014). Moreover, in these particular journal articles of Hala (2016) and Leroi (2017), all the researchers have implemented primary data collection method that is collecting data through arrangement of interview and online and offline questionnaire surveys. Moreover, as per Lang et al. (2012), it can be said on the basis of the overall analysis of all the ten articles that the research study regarding the adult education was basically done on the basis of epistemology philosophy. According to Kruk (2013), the research work on the research topic adult education can be done better through the implementation of positivism strategy. In addition to this, it has been found that in most of the selected articles, the researchers have implemented the positivism strategy of epistemology philosophy and have been analyzed the gathered data and information through statistical data analysis method. Opined to Smith (2015), the most useful philosophy for doing any research work on the topic Adult Education is the epistemology and its sub section positivism where statistical analysis is generally incorporated. It has been seen that most of the authors have agreed with the result provided by Smith (2015). The reason behind this is that nowadays most of the people are not alert regarding the lifelong learning, distance, open learning, and adult education. However, most of the researchers have intended to introduce these fields within the society for the welfare of the people. In addition to this, this particular intention can be integrated within the society by understanding the learning based on three key dimensions, these include environment, emotion and cognition. Part B: In most of the peer reviewed journal articles, it has been found that most of the researchers or authors have indicated that collection of the data from the case study, or from the people through interview and questionnaire survey as the key issues in the area of particular research. In this paper, the researcher has made use of the quantitative data collection method to find out the effect of adult education in the mind of human beings and the society. Efficiency of Adult Education Policies The adult education policies create a strong impact on the overall performance of the economy. The government plays a vital role in promoting the process of adult learning by creating a proper framework for effective adult education policies. These policies encourage the human beings to undertake the adult education program that will enhance their lifestyle and the standard of living. An effective adult education policy monitors the proceedings of the program and restricts any fraudulence. The paper has used various internet sources to search academic abstract and databases. The work of the organizations like UNESCO, OECD and the World Bank with respect to adult education as well as studies undertaken by famous researchers are even useful for analyzing this paper. For the assessment of the actions of the policy, the studies that have drawn answers for the meta-reviews of healthy assessments provide better evidence than individual studies. The studies for analysis with factual quantitative evidence of a vital causal impact provide more forceful fact than studies, which evaluate transformation before and after the policy action (Carter and Lubinsky 2015).They agree with the method as it provides better understanding to the study. Thus different studies can be compared and ranked based on the quality/strength of evidence provided (Hair Jr and Lukas 2014) However, it has also been noted within the journal article that the programs of the adult education have not engaged the low income individuals successfully. The reason behind this is that the poverty of the nation along with the lack of high school education is considered as the two greatest risk factors due to which the poor health of the low income people took place in the nation. Finally, based on all these, it can be said that the collection of data and information from the primary sources is a hard matter, especially for this particular research work of the topic adult education (Smith 2015). The theme of all the selected peer-reviewed articles is to research on the topic adult education and to implement it within the society based on the understanding of the philosophies of the research. The philosophy of this research regarding the topic adult education is to implement the positivism concept and to utilize the statistical data analysis method. Therefore, it can be said that the theme of this research study is to analyze the viewpoint of the common people in detail regarding the research topic Adult Education. The mindset of the human beings can be well judged by this theme as it shows how the introduction of adult education shows encourages new participants into the program. The next theme assists the researcher to analyze the factor in detail and to understand the concepts of the people in the society about the research topic. The final theme of the topic of adult education even analyzes the viewpoint of the large organizations like UNESCO and World Bank who is even co ncerned about adult education tries to undertake various initiatives that will enhance this program and will attract new people to participate in the program. Part C: The paper in the earlier parts of A and B reveals the methodological and philosophical approaches and compares the various segments to find out the best approach to be undertaken. The literature review highlights the various peer articles and compares the work of various researchers to provide a clear idea about the outcomes. The various outcomes help in understanding the best knowledge about adult education and thereby the results can be undertaken. This can be well understood by looking at the increase in participation of human beings in the adult education program. The increase in participation of human beings encourages the government to undertake various reformation programs to improve the adult education program. The solutions have been able to bring out some philosophical position of adult education in this paper, which reflects the impact of adult education over the common society and the how such initiations motivate the common people. The information attained from t his study makes the knowledge about adult education a bit more challenging to understand due to various complex techniques undertaken to complete the research. The answers gathered from the respondents are even not accurate and therefore, understanding the answers become difficult. The development of the research topic was undertaken by looking at the problem of adult education in the country and therefore a review of all the research papers done in the past are evaluated to gain knowledge about the subject. The review of earlier researches provides various analytical tools and process that can be implemented by taking the most effective processes available from the various research papers. The research objective has been to find out the best method in understanding the mindset of human beings with respect to the adult education. The paper answers the research question by identifying the most appropriate method of evaluation. The literature even highlights the various constraints th ey had to face to undertake the study as the data was not easily available and the interviews undertaken from the respondents were inefficient as they were reluctant to reveal the accurate information. They were speculative in their approach and only answered those questions that related to the public life and not their personal life. However, even with these constraints this method is most appropriate as the other methods that have been identified does not provide the best results and has more challenging technique with respect to the current one. A clear view of the subject and the core area can be visualized as all the data analysis, statistical data analysis method has helped me to understand easily. Moreover, the literature review of the identified peer reviewed journal articles has broadened the idea and concept regarding the particular aspect of the subject area. In addition to these, it can be said that most of the authors suggest and implement the epistemology philosophy, rather in detail it can be said that they suggest for implementation of positivism strategy for analyzing the particular research topic Adult Education. In case of the implementation of the epistemology philosophy, the authors opt for positivism concept that is incorporates statistical data analysis. In case of data analysis, the researchers have to gather data from the common people through the process of either interview or questionnaire survey or both. However, as per my viewpoint, this information might be incorrect, as the respondents might not h ave the proper idea and knowledge regarding the research topic. The reason behind this is that the research study through this philosophy helps the researcher to gather information from the previous researches and journal articles of the researcher. Therefore, the paper uses positivism concept as it provides appropriate results with respect to the other concepts and methods discussed earlier. References Bechhofer, F. and Paterson, L., 2012.Principles of research design in the social sciences. Routledge. Bhattacherjee, A., 2012. Social science research: principles, methods, and practices. Carter, R. and Lubinsky, J., 2015.Rehabilitation research: principles and applications. Elsevier Health Sciences. Cornfield, J., 2012. Principles of research.Statistics in medicine,31(24), pp.2760-2768. Crano, W.D., Brewer, M.B. and Lac, A., 2014.Principles and methods of social research. Routledge. Flicker, S. and Worthington, C.A., 2012. Public health research involving aboriginal peoples: research ethics board stakeholders' reflections on ethics principles and research processes.Canadian Journal of Public Health/Revue Canadienne de Sante'e Publique, pp.19-22. Furterer, S.L. ed., 2016. Lean Six Sigma in service: applications and case studies. CRC Press. Hair Jr, J.F. and Lukas, B., 2014.Marketing research. McGraw-Hill Education Australia. Kruk, J., 2013. Good scientific practice and ethical principles in scientific research and higher education.Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine,1(1), pp.25-29. Lang, D.J., Wiek, A., Bergmann, M., Stauffacher, M., Martens, P., Moll, P., Swilling, M. and Thomas, C.J., 2012. Transdisciplinary research in sustainability science: practice, principles, and challenges.Sustainability science,7(1), pp.25-43. McMillan, J.H. and Schumacher, S., 2014.Research in education: Evidence-based inquiry. Pearson Higher Ed. Nuttin, J., 2014.Future time perspective and motivation: Theory and research method. Psychology Press. Punch, K.F., 2013.Introduction to social research: Quantitative and qualitative approaches. Sage. Schunk, D.H., Meece, J.R. and Pintrich, P.R., 2012.Motivation in education: Theory, research, and applications. Pearson Higher Ed. Smith, J.A. ed., 2015.Qualitative psychology: A practical guide to research methods. Sage. Whitley, B.E., Kite, M.E. and Adams, H.L., 2012.Principles of research in behavioral science. Routledge.